Difference between revisions of "S16: Biker Assist"

Revision as of 23:58, 17 May 2016

Grading Criteria

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Biker Assist

Abstract

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Objectives & Introduction

Show list of your objectives. This section includes the high level details of your project. You can write about the various sensors or peripherals you used to get your project completed.

Team Members

• Adnan Dzebic
• Urvashi Agarwal
• Amit Pachore
• Nitesh Jain

Roles and Responsibilities

• Adnan Dzebic & Nitesh Jain
  • LED Strip Design
  • PCB Design

• Urvashi Agarwal
  • Distance Sensor Design

• Amit Pachore
  • Turn Angle Sensor Design
  • Text-to-Speech Module
  • 3D Designs

Project Schedule

Parts List & Cost

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Design & Implementation

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Turn Angle Detection Sensor

Hardware Design

A turn angle detection sensor is used to detect the exact measure of turn of the bike handlebar. This angle measurement is used to determine if the bike is taking turns. This sensor design has two different approaches. These are varying resistance approach and hall effect approach. Finally, we settled on using thinpot which works on the varying resistance approach. These two methods are explained below.

Frame Clamp 3D Design

Turn Sensor Assembly

Varying Resistance Sensor

This sensor functions using the principle of Ohm's law. This law dictates that the current is inversely proportional to resistance for a given voltage. The sensor has three terminals, two end points for connecting voltage across sensor and one middle terminal called wiper. As the wiper terminal traverse over the coil, sensor gives varying resistance across wiper and one of the other terminals and hence varying voltage. Varying voltage output pin is connected to the ADC of the micro-controller and exact turn angle can be determined. We worked on two different sensors working on this principle.

Custom Resistance Coil
To detect turn angle, we designed our custom coil. We wound high resistance wire on a semicircular base to look like a coil. This coil was attached to the fixed part of the bicycle. The third terminal acting as a wiper was attached to the moving part of the handlebar such that, it traverses over the coil. We attached two resistances of value 10K were attached before connecting to the battery. These two circuits formed a potential divider circuit and also avoided battery short circuit.

Coil Base

Custom Resistance Coil

Thinpot
Thinpot is another sensor which is directly available in the market. It works on the same principle of variable resistance. It is nothing but the potentiometer which can be arced and pasted to curved surfaces. It has three terminals, two for supply, ground and one for measuring variable resistance. We have to use external wiper which traverse over the thinpot and resistance gets changed at pin 2 of the wiper. The total resistance of thinpot is 10KΩ which changes as wiper moves. We used this sensor as it has no restrictions over power supply voltage, easy to attach to bike, and easy to get readings using ADC.

Thinpot

Wiper

Thinpot Working

Hall Effect Sensor

A Hall effect sensor is a sensor that varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic field. Hall effect sensors are used for proximity switching, positioning, speed detection, and current sensing applications. The sensor operates as an analog transducer, directly returning a voltage. There three types of hall effect sensors, hall effect switch, hall effect latch and hall effect linear sensor. Hall effect switch turns on in the presence of a magnetic field. Hall effect latch holds its current state until the opposite polarity changes its state. Hall effect linear sensor varies its output voltage in proportional to the strength of the magnetic field near to it. In the absence of magnetic field, linear sensor output voltage is approximately 2.5V. When the south pole comes closer to the sensor, its output increases proportionally towards 5V. Its output voltage decreases towards 0V, when north pole is brought closer to the sensor. We used this property to to detect the turn angle direction. We designed our sensor arrangement such that a horizontal bar magnet attached to the handlebar and sensor to the bike frame. When a magnet moves with handlebar while taking turns, the output of the sensor varies. But the sensor MLX90215 which we used for this testing was not behaving as per the design. Its EEPROM needed to be programmed irs special programmer. After some testing, we decided to change our design and switched to thinpot.

Hall Effect Sensor

Hall Effect Sensor Arrangement

Hall Effect Sensor Circuit Diagram

Software Design & Implementation

Show your software design. For example, if you are designing an MP3 Player, show the tasks that you are using, and what they are doing at a high level. Do not show the details of the code. For example, do not show exact code, but you may show psuedocode and fragments of code. Keep in mind that you are showing DESIGN of your software, not the inner workings of it.

Implementation
This section includes implementation, but again, not the details, just the high level. For example, you can list the steps it takes to communicate over a sensor, or the steps needed to write a page of memory onto SPI Flash. You can include sub-sections for each of your component implementation.

Object Detection Sensor

Hardware Design

Maxbotix_Distance_Sensor

The distance sensors are used to detect the oncoming traffic from the back and to warn the rider about the traffic.
The distance sensors' output will then be given to the voice module which will output the details to the biker in audio form.
For the distance sensing we used the Maxbotix 1260 sensor.
Sensing the Objects
Maxbotix makes use of ultrasonic waves to sense the objects.The frequency used by these sensors in 42kHz sound waves.The frequency is selected such that it is able to detect object regardless of its visual characteristics.The 42kHz frequency will not range through the solids.The main concept behind the ultrasonic sensors is that it sends the ultrasonic waves towards the objects.These waves when hit an object it gets reflected back from the object and the sensor sends an interrupt to the processor.

Software Design & Implementation

PCB

Design

Final PCB

We designed a custom 10x5.5 inch PCB for our project where we integrated different modules together along with the SJSUone board. The PCB connects to the text to speech module, direction detection module, sensor module, LED’s and the SJSUone board. We replicated all the pins from SJSUone board also for further functionalities.

Software Design & Implementation

To Design our customized PCB, we used the EAGLE 7.5.0 Freeware tool. EAGLE stands for, Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor. EAGLE contains a schematic editor, for designing circuit diagrams. Parts can be placed on many sheets and connected together through ports. The PCB layout editor allows back annotation to the schematic and auto-routing to automatically connect traces based on the connections defined in the schematic. EAGLE saves Gerber and PostScript layout files and Excellon and Sieb & Meyer drill files. These standard files are accepted by many PCB fabrication companies.

PCB Board Diagram

The tool provides us with many types of connectors and devices commonly used in PCB’s. Using a drag n drop methodology and by applying the connection internally, different ports can be joined. In our PCB design, we used a lot connectors with different pin configuration for different peripherals including 3-pin,4-pin,5-pin,10-pin and 17-pin connectors. Also we placed a switch for turning on-off the board. There are 2 power input sources: one is USB and second is normal power connector. To provide power to the various peripherals attached, we have 2 output power sources also. To maintain the integrity of the PCB, we grounded the unused area and unused pins from the PCB. Since we used a free tool, the max PCB size could only be 10inch x 5.5inch. The blue lines indicate the connection made from the bottom and red lines from the top. To avoid shorting of pin connections, we used through holes.

PCB Schematic Diagram

In order to design a PCB, we need to know the type of connectors to place. And to decide the type of connectors, we must know 3 things: Library, Package and Device name. Adafruit provides us with libraries that can be used for a variety of functions. Packages differentiate the type of connectors and Device defines the different types of connectors inside the Package that needs to be used. Below is a list of all the connectors that we used in this PCB and their library, package and device:

EAGLE CONNECTOR LIST

PCB Schematic Diagram

LED Strip

Hardware Design

Software Design & Implementation

Testing & Technical Challenges

This Section describes the technical challenges faced during the project ranging from individual module working to integration of the project.

PCB

In designing the PCB,we worked on EAGLE which was a whole new experience.Below listed are the major challenges faced by us:
1)We found that the maximum size of the PCB could only be 10x5.5 inch as the software used is a freeware and hence it has its limitations.
2)Common Ground: The board as a whole needs to be grounded. This means to avoid unwanted issues, the unused pins are grounded as well as the common ground needs to be taken care off. We were unfamiliar with the handling of ground initially as there is no direct connection or ground pin for the PCB. After careful understanding, we found the working of ground on the PCB.
3)Missing Connections: The circuit once completed needs to be properly checked. We used auto Routing facility to connect the PCB connectors but found due to space constraint, the tool missed some ports unconnected. So before the final ordering, careful check of connections needs to be done.
4)Ordering and soldering needs to be done carefully as per the package/device name of the connector used in the design.

Conclusion

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Project Video

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Project Source Code

• Sourceforge Source Code Link

References

Acknowledgement

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References Used

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Appendix

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